Ойбек Сирожов,
к.полит.н., заведующий кафедрой «Философия и основы духовности»
Ташкентский химико-технологический институт
Ташкент, Узбекистан
Oybek Sirojov,
PhD, Head of the “Philosophy and spirituality” Department
Tashkent chemical — technological Institute
Tashkent, Uzbekistan
УДК 658.3
E-mail: conference_2012@list.ru
Проблемы и решения человеческих ресурсов в Центральной Азии
Аннотация: В статье анализируются проблемы человеческого ресурса в Центральной Азии. ЦАз является быстро развивающимся регионом c человеческим ресурсом. Эффективное использование этого ресурса дает возможность решения социально-политических проблем в регионе. А также рациональное использование человеческих ресурсов является фактором развития региона.
Ключевые слова и фразы: Центральная Азия, человеческие ресурсы, миграция, миграционные процессы, региональное развитие, глобализация.
Problems and solutions of human resources in Central Asia
Summary: This issue is one of the very important issues not only in Central Asia, in developing countries. Because we want to learn manage of human resource in developing countries. Central Asia is human resource rapidly developing region. This from human resource use benefit is base of development of region. Moreover, in region raising of human factors indifferent to this factor this will bring new social-political problem in the region. In article will be analyze on human resource and its equivalents.
Keywords and phrases: Central Asia, human resources, migration, migration process, regional development, globalization.
Problems and solutions of human resources in Central Asia
Introduction
Today’s migration process is affect of globalization. Famous scientist D. L. Medousa was guessed before 50 years ago, on the raising demography, industrialized, different development process of regions. These factors will be increase than migration process also will be growth in the world. Exactly, current these conditions affect of globalization is going to strengthen again. Reason of increase migration is following factors.
- Different of developed and developing countries. Namely income population of countries. For example if will be in developed countries middle salary 2000-5000$, in developing countries this indicator 150-400$. In developed country migrants can get income 1000-3000$.
- Balance of population, namely in developed countries demand high to labour force but decrease demography process. On the contrary, in developing countries increasing demography but unemployment, underemployment process is high.
- Economical progress. This factor will be very important factor for creation new workplaces and improvement to demand to the labor force.
- Variously privileges between migrants own country and foreign For example declared without visa system between Russia and Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan. But with Turkmenistan have not such mutual contract.
- Progressed communication and information technology are one of the factors of increase migrants. Current through Information technology can get detail information on the labour force loans, life style, work places etc. This situation is very important for migrant labor force.
- Family strategy. In the East have such custom, if family member want to go to work in abroad, head of family must support.
- Connections of migration. Situated migrant will help to work other relevant or country peoples in country. For real fact, a Chinese will be work in abroad he will help to 20 Chinese people in that country.
In Central Asia is available cheap labor force and rich natural resources region. Current labor force of region is going to grow rapidly. In region had lived 35 million people on 90 years of last century and at the present time population grew more 65 million[1]. (Image 1)
From 15 till 60 ages indicator of region increased 7 million peoples between on 1992-2008.
For example in Uzbekistan near 3 million, in Kyrgyztan 1 million, in Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhistan about 3 million people. Also, In Central Asia is high born level from other neighbor regions. According to informs, region’s from 15 till 45 age peoples will uprise to 4 million in 2011-2030[2]. Population of region consist of following index till 14 age group population 36 percent from 15 till 64 age groups population 58 percent and over from 64 age people 6 percent, as well as from general population females are 51 percent, males also 49 percent[3]. In Uzbekistan has got huge labor force, manpower resources namely, 50 percent population is capability to work. In region are going to increase new labor resources to 210 – 220,000 people in every year. So, population literacy level of country is 99.06 percent, this is very important factor for manpower and human resources[4].
Also, after independence in Uzbekistan adopted new educational system, model National Programme on Preparation Specialists in 29 august 1997. This state educational program divided 3 steps:
First step: Primary education;
Second step: vocational colleges, lyceums;
Third step: high education institutes, universities.
Indeed, after primery education every child will continue study to vocational college or lyceums. In this period they will achieve specialty with vocational education in one time. This will be very important to find suitable job from labor market. At the present times, in the Republic study near 1 million young in 1000 vocational college and lyceums. Also, in Republic presence 68 high educational institutes, universities and 60 000 student on Bachelor degree, 10 000 Master’s degree are going to graduate in every year. Country’s 143 people from every 1000 person have achieved Bachelor, Master degree, also secondary education earned 200 people. Current middle age of population is 24 age[5].
Attraction and Engagement
This topic’s importantly side is learning new suitable ways of increasing human resource factor in rapidly globalization process.
In Central Asia is intensive growing labor force and as a result of region will apparence unemployment process. This increaseing workless level in region but this process is one of the whole the world’s important issues. Perhaps, these all processes depend with globalization and rapidly developing new technology. For example 1,5 billion people have not opportunity to work potencial in the world. To this group more 200 million unemployments and 1,3 billion also poverty labor force. They have got to work job but they cannot find enough daily minimum income for food[6]. We can observe Europe is decreasing growth population from year to year and quantity of unemployment’s are increasing. Governments of Central Asia states are going to attention to open new work places in country and planning prevent unemployment process in the region. For example, according to official facts in Uzbekistan has created more 900 000 new job places in last 2011 year[7]. In Central Asia countries are available again one comfortable process labor force migration to abroad particularly to Russia. Because between region countries and Russia installed without visa system. Also, population of region countries knows Russian language very well and they are creating new labor market, new work seats in Russia. On Russia statistical information capacity to work people quantity are reducing to 13.5 million among in 2011-2025. This vital issue is not only Russia so perhaps to European Union and world countries. (Europe and Russia economy can’t rapidly development without foreign labour forces. Russian experts also underlined[8].)
Recently, for Central Asia counties are going to growth labor force then get income from outside to countries budgets. For example 40 percent GDP of Tajikistan consist of income labor force migrants. Peoples of region good know not only Russia language possible even Russia traditions, this process are going to create new opportunities in that country. But these Manpower resources will work temporary labor force. Current, in Russia are working more 6 million labor force foreigners and labor force’s equal 60 percent are from Central Asia. But majority labor forces are illegal day laborers. In Russia legal redistricted near 1 million day laborers in last 2011.
Generally several scientists researched on increase labor force and labor resources, illagel migration issues.
Facts, Central Asian about 70 percent migrants had found workplaces through relevant or illegal lines. Or 73 percent migrant get loans money on the way cash with nonofficial way. (Image 2)
How will you get loans?
Source: http://polit.ru/article/2008/01/21/demoscope315/
Only for 20% migrant organized nutrition’s by job managers, 37 percent shelter, 12 percent medical service.
Migrants work middle 55-60 hour in the week. Only 17 percent migrants’ have got privileges payment holiday. 24 percent migrants’ have got medical information paper. More 50 percent migrants have not nothing assurances, even they security also have not assuranced[9].
Migrants goal is find good job and get a lot of money namely collect capital. Because they are temporary live in small size room 10-15 people. Migrants’ works hard work build, agriculture, forest community, etc. These conditions are going to bring migrants’ injured, health, become disease situations. For this also migrants’ issues should be legalize by government of countries.
A group of scientists want to solve these issues and others accounts these are part of globalization and we cannot stop these processes but we should only control these issues. These issues also particularly are actual problem for several developed countries. The same developed countries are going to activity organizations working with this issue namely human resources planning and development area. Up to now, it has not single agreement on these issues. Every states are going to activity from own utilitarian positions. In region should be very important factor create legal migration by perfecting governmental collaboration of countries for manpower resource. Then from legal migration will get benefit migrants and governments also. Because if for migrants will be work place guarantee, normal living style and security, they will be agree to pay supplementary taxes. In globalization period human resources, labor resources are very important benefit capital for every country. If from these sources fruitful use will be one of the factors of development of country.
Central Asia is situated economical-geographical strategic territory of Asia and it is important connector bridge Europe with Far East, South East Asia to Southern Asia. From those features using countries may create communication system Great Silk Road[10], carry luggage[11] development tour in the region. These fields provide developing service sphere, open new labor force and human resource manpower integration in region. According to experts acknowledgement perfecting and development of Great Silk Road will create additional more 2,5 million new work seats for current increasing labor forces[12]. Also in region created open new opportunity transport communication system, regional luggage (carry) corridor and perspectives for labor force new supplement job places and source income of region countries. In above outlined, Great Silk Road must perfecting develop namely this single ancient unique trade and transport road is very important connector instrument with East and West as well as North and South.
Conclusion
In conculision from manpower labor force and human resource are going to use one of the very actual and important factors of developing countries (Also, Central Asia). In region is decrease unemployment and increase high income benifitly work places. These are one of the current vital issues. For achieve goals should be development international friendly, equal collaboration among region countries.
Central Asia labour force to export in abroad have following opportunities.
Firstly, peoples of region are hardworking peoples. For fact, territory of CIS are working 40 percent migrant in build, 30 percent in trade, 10 percent an industry sphere, 5 percent in the transport system, 8 percent in other services.[13].
Secondly, peoples of migrant of region have got huge respect to motherland, homeland they are far from idea of cosmopolitism[14]. They mainly aim is collect capital and return back to homeland.
Thirdly, people of regions’ have again a customs, they live collective and they want to develop with own family, collectives. This condition will help to save native culture, language and tradions.
Furthly, Current job manegers’ demand is knowledge Russian language, nondring alcohol in workplaces. Migrants’ of the region is available to these demands.
Benefits migration for the region.
- Migration prevent increase unemployers
- Migrants will be growth skill via work in abroad
- They collect capital and begin business for developing country.
- Exchange cultural communication among the nations.
References
- M.B. Mikratchyan N.V. Migration potential of Central Asia http://www.google.ru/url
- Kucharov Ch. Problems regional integration process of Central Asia. – Tashkent.: Fan, – P.114.
- Makhmudov R «Экономические предпосылки для роста грузоперевозок через регион центральной Азии» Uzbekistan in Central Asia// V-2007. — С.43.)
- On speech President of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov in Cabinet of Ministr People Word (Xалк Cузи). 16.02.2012 Newspaper.
- Peter Stalker, Workers Without Frontiers. The Impact of Globalization on International Migration. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ILO, Geneva, 2000, p. 135.
- P. Haisken-DeNew and K.F. Zimmerman, “Wage and mobility effects of trade and migration”, CEPR Discussion Paper 1318, London 1995; Herbert Brücker, The Employment Impact of Immigration: a Survey of European Studies, 2002.
- Rodrik, D. Feasible Globalizations, Kennedy School of Government, Working Paper Series RWPO 2029, July. 2002 цитата по: World Migration: Costs and Benefits of International Migration. IOM. 2005, p. 164.
- http://www.tashkent.market center.ru/content/doc-2-2051.html
- http://trauler.com/trudovoj-potencial-15-mlrd-chelovek-v-mire-ispolzuetsya-ne-v-polnoj-mere/
[1] General populations about 65 mln live to 4 mln km2 in region Central Asia.
[2] Denisenko M.B. Mkratchyan N.V. Migration potential of Central Asia http://www.google.ru/url
[3] http://allbestazia.ru/severnaya_i_centraljnaya_aziya
[4]Reseacher J. Saymon concept of technological progress said that, increase population is very important factor of development country. Because, migration is important for increase demography progress
[5] http://www.tashkent.market center.ru/content/doc-2-2051.html
[6] http://trauler.com/trudovoj-potencial-15-mlrd-chelovek-v-mire-ispolzuetsya-ne-v-polnoj-mere/
[7] On Speech President of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov, People Word (Xалк Cузи). 16.02.2012 Newspaper.
[8] Russian economic miracle will do ourselves. Forecast of development of the Russian economy before 2020, the Center for Macroeconomic Analysis and Short-Term Forecasting. Business Books. Moscow, 2007. P. 155.
[9] http://polit.ru/article/2008/01/21/demoscope315/
[10] Great Silk Road is appeared as trade road 3 000 years ago. Central Asia is situated in this trade crossroad. This road reorganizing, provide development transport communication system of region but this process is depending not only to Central Asia countries this is huge issues (economical side). From this unique road will waiting purpose is formation cheap and security and comfortable new transport communication system between China, Europe and India.
[11] According to Experts outline, in Central Asia carry luggage road divide two direction are very perspectives. 1. Northern direction between East and west via China, Japan, South Korea, Russia to connect Europe. 2. South direction Iran, Persian Gulf, Middle East and South Asia India, Pakistan. (R.Makhmudov «Экономические предпосылки для роста грузоперевозок через регион центральной Азии» Uzbekistan Central Asia// V-2007. — С.43.)
[12] Kucharov Ch. Problems regional integration process of Central Asia. – Tashkent.: Fan.. 2008. – P.114.
[14] Means of Cosmopolitism is human where will live well that place called homeland.
